John Milnor Biography

American mathematicianFor those of a similar name, see John Milner (disambiguation).

John Willard Milnor (born February 20, 1931) is an American mathematician known for his work in differential topology, algebraic K-theory and low-dimensional holomorphic dynamical systems. Milnor is a distinguished professor at Stony Brook University and the only mathematician to have won the Fields Medal, the Wolf Prize, the Abel Prize and all three Steele prizes.

Early life and career

Milnor was born on February 20, 1931, in Orange, New Jersey. His father was J. Willard Milnor, an engineer, and his mother was Emily Cox Milnor. As an undergraduate at Princeton University he was named a Putnam Fellow in 1949 and 1950 and also proved the Fáry–Milnor theorem when he was only 19 years old. Milnor graduated with an A.B. in mathematics in 1951 after completing a senior thesis, *led "Link groups", under the supervision of Robert H. Fox. He remained at Princeton to pursue graduate studies and received his Ph.D. in mathematics in 1954 after completing a doctoral dissertation, *led "Isotopy of links", also under the supervision of Fox. His dissertation concerned link groups (a generalization of the cl*ical knot group) and their *ociated link structure, cl*ifying Brunnian links up to link-*topy and introduced new invariants of it, called Milnor invariants. Upon completing his doctorate, he went on to work at Princeton. He was a professor at the Ins*ute for Advanced Study from 1970 to 1990.

He was an editor of the Annals of Mathematics for a number of years after 1962. He has written a number of books which are famous for their clarity, presentation, and an inspiration for the research by many mathematicians in their areas even after many decades since their publication. He served as Vice President of the AMS in 1976–77 period.

His students have included Tadatoshi Akiba, Jon Folkman, John Mather, Laurent C. Siebenmann, Michael Spivak, and Jonathan Sondow. His wife, Dusa McDuff, is a professor of mathematics at Barnard College and is known for her work in symplectic topology.

Research

One of Milnor's best-known works is his proof in 1956 of the existence of 7-dimensional spheres with nonstandard differentiable structure, which marked the beginning of a new field – differential topology. He coined the term exotic sphere, referring to any n-sphere with nonstandard differential structure. Kervaire and Milnor initiated the systematic study of exotic spheres, showing in particular that the 7-sphere has 15 distinct differentiable structures (28 if one considers orientation).

Egbert Brieskorn found simple algebraic equations for 28 complex hypersurfaces in complex 5-space such that their intersection with a small sphere of dimension 9 around a singular point is diffeomorphic to these exotic spheres. Subsequently, Milnor worked on the topology of isolated singular points of complex hypersurfaces in general, developing the theory of the Milnor fibration whose fiber has the *topy type of a bouquet of μ spheres where μ is known as the Milnor number. Milnor's 1968 book on his theory, Singular Points of Complex Hypersurfaces, inspired the growth of a huge and rich research area that continues to mature to this day.

In 1961 Milnor disproved the Hauptvermutung by illustrating two simplicial complexes that are homeomorphic but combinatorially distinct, using the concept of Reidemeister torsion. This led to a wave of advances in topology by Milnor and many other mathematicians which changed the perception of the field forever.

In 1984 Milnor introduced a definition of attractor. The objects generalize standard attractors, include so-called unstable attractors and are now known as Milnor attractors.

Milnor's current interest is dynamics, especially holomorphic dynamics. His work in dynamics is summarized by Peter Makienko in his review of Topological Methods in Modern Mathematics:

It is evident now that low-dimensional dynamics, to a large extent initiated by Milnor's work, is a fundamental part of general dynamical systems theory. Milnor cast his eye on dynamical systems theory in the mid-1970s. By that time the Smale program in dynamics had been completed. Milnor's approach was to start over from the very beginning, looking at the simplest nontrivial families of maps. The first choice, one-dimensional dynamics, became the subject of his joint paper with Thurston. Even the case of a unimodal map, that is, one with a single critical point, turns out to be extremely rich. This work may be compared with Poincaré's work on circle diffeomorphisms, which 100 years before had inaugurated the qualitative theory of dynamical systems. Milnor's work has opened several new directions in this field, and has given us many basic concepts, challenging problems and nice theorems.

His other significant contributions include microbundles, influencing the usage of Hopf algebras, theory of quadratic forms and the related area of symmetric bilinear forms, higher algebraic K-theory, game theory, and three-dimensional Lie groups.

Awards and honors

Milnor was elected as a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1961. In 1962 Milnor was awarded the Fields Medal for his work in differential topology. He was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1963 and the American Philosophical Society 1965. He later went on to win the National Medal of Science (1967), the Lester R. Ford Award in 1970 and again in 1984, the Leroy P. Steele Prize for "Seminal Contribution to Research" (1982), the Wolf Prize in Mathematics (1989), the Leroy P. Steele Prize for Mathematical Exposition (2004), and the Leroy P. Steele Prize for Lifetime Achievement (2011). In 1991 a symposium was held at Stony Brook University in celebration of his 60th birthday.

Milnor was awarded the 2011 Abel Prize, for his "pioneering discoveries in topology, geometry and algebra." Reacting to the award, Milnor told the New Scientist "It feels very good," adding that "ne is always surprised by a call at 6 o'clock in the morning."

In 2013 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society, for "contributions to differential topology, geometric topology, algebraic topology, algebra, and dynamical systems".

In 2020 he received the Lomonosov Gold Medal of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Publications

Books

  • Milnor, John W. (1963). Morse theory. Annals of Mathematics Studies, No. 51. Notes by M. Spivak and R. Wells. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN:0-691-08008-9.
  • —— (1965). Lectures on the h-cobordism theorem. Notes by L. Siebenmann and J. Sondow. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN:0-691-07996-X. OCLC:58324.
  • —— (1968). Singular points of complex hypersurfaces. Annals of Mathematics Studies, No. 61. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. ISBN:0-691-08065-8.
  • —— (1971). Introduction to algebraic K-theory. Annals of Mathematics Studies, No. 72. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN:978-0-691-08101-4.
  • Husemoller, Dale; Milnor, John W. (1973). Symmetric bilinear forms. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag. ISBN:978-0-387-06009-5.
  • Milnor, John W.; Stasheff, James D. (1974). Characteristic cl*es. Annals of Mathematics Studies, No. 76. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. ISBN:0-691-08122-0.
  • Milnor, John W. (1997) . Topology from the differentiable viewpoint. Princeton Landmarks in Mathematics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN:0-691-04833-9.
  • —— (1999). Dynamics in one complex variable. Wiesbaden, Germany: Vieweg. ISBN:3-528-13130-6.2nd edn. 2000.

Journal articles

  • Milnor, John W. (1956). "On manifolds homeomorphic to the 7-sphere". Annals of Mathematics. 64 (2). Princeton University Press: 399–405. doi:10.2307/1969983. JSTOR:1969983. MR:0082103. S2CID:18780087.
  • —— (1959). "Sommes de variétés différentiables et structures différentiables des sphères". Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France. 87. Société Mathématique de France: 439–444. doi:10.24033/bsmf.1538. MR:0117744.
  • —— (1959b). "Differentiable structures on spheres". American Journal of Mathematics. 81 (4). Johns Hopkins University Press: 962–972. doi:10.2307/2372998. JSTOR:2372998. MR:0110107.
  • —— (1961). "Two complexes which are homeomorphic but combinatorially distinct". Annals of Mathematics. 74 (2). Princeton University Press: 575–590. doi:10.2307/1970299. JSTOR:1970299. MR:0133127.
  • —— (1984). "On the concept of attractor". Communications in Mathematical Physics. 99 (2). Springer Press: 177–195. Bibcode:1985CMaPh..99..177M. doi:10.1007/BF01212280. MR:0790735. S2CID:120688149.
  • Kervaire, Michel A.; Milnor, John W. (1963). "Groups of *topy spheres: I" (PDF). Annals of Mathematics. 77 (3). Princeton University Press: 504–537. doi:10.2307/1970128. JSTOR:1970128. MR:0148075.
  • Milnor, John W. (2011). "Differential topology forty-six years later" (PDF). Notices of the American Mathematical Society. 58 (6): 804–809.

Lecture notes

  • Milnor, John Willard; Munkres, James Raymond (2007). "Lectures on Differential Topology". In Milnor, John Willard (ed.). Collected papers of John Milnor, Volume 4. American Mathematical Society. pp.:145–176. ISBN:978-0-8218-4230-0.

See also

  • List of things named after John Milnor
  • Orbit portrait
  • Microbundle

References

    External links

    Wikiquote has quotations related to John Milnor.
    • O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "John Milnor", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
    • Home page at SUNYSB
    • Photo
    • Exotic spheres home page
    • The Abel Prize 2011 – video
    • Raussen, Martin; Skau, Christian (March 2012). "Interview with John Milnor" (PDF). Notices of the American Mathematical Society. 59 (3): 400–408. doi:10.1090/noti803.
    • "Seminar Videos, IMS Video Collection". Ins*ute for Mathematical Sciences, Stony Brook University. (40 links from 1965 to May 2021, with 9 videos from Milnor's seminars)

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    John Milnor