Viktor Frankl Biography

Austrian Holocaust survivor, psychiatrist, philosopher and author (1905–1997)

Viktor Emil Frankl (26 March 1905:– 2 September 1997)was an Austrian psychiatrist and Holocaust survivor, who founded logotherapy, a school of psychotherapy that describes a search for a life's meaning as the central human motivational force. Logotherapy is part of existential and humanistic psychology theories.

Logotherapy was promoted as the third school of Viennese Psychotherapy, after those established by Sigmund Freud, and Alfred Adler.

Frankl published 39 books. The autobiographical Man's Search for Meaning, a best-selling book, is based on his experiences in various National Socialist German Workers' Party concentration camps.

Early life

Frankl was born the middle of three children to Gabriel Frankl, a civil servant in the Ministry of Social Service, and Elsa (née Lion), a Jewish family, in Vienna, in what was then the Austro-Hungarian Empire. His interest in psychology and the role of meaning developed when he began taking night cl*es on applied psychology while in junior high school. As a teenager, he began a correspondence with Sigmund Freud upon asking for permission to publish one of his papers. After graduation from high school in 1923, he studied medicine at the University of Vienna.

In 1924, Frankl's first scientific paper was published in The International Journal of Psycho*ysis. In the same year, he was president of the Sozialistische Mittelschüler Österreich, the Social Democratic Party of Austria's youth movement for high school students. Frankl's father was a socialist who named him after Viktor Adler, the founder of the party. During this time, Frankl began questioning the Freudian approach to psycho*ysis. He joined Alfred Adler's circle of students and published his second scientific paper, "Psychotherapy and Worldview" ("Psychotherapie und Weltanschauung"), in Adler's International Journal of Individual Psychology in 1925. Frankl was expelled from Adler's circle when he insisted that meaning was the central motivational force in human beings. From 1926, he began refining his theory, which he termed logotherapy.

Career

Psychiatry

Between 1928 and 1930, while still a medical student, he organized youth counselling centers to address the high number of teen suicides occurring around the time of end of the year report cards. The program was sponsored by the city of Vienna and free of charge to the students. Frankl recruited other psychologists for the center, including Charlotte Bühler, Erwin Wexberg, and Rudolf Dreikurs. In 1931, not a single Viennese student died by suicide.

After earning his M.D. in 1930, Frankl gained extensive experience at Steinhof Psychiatric Hospital, where he was responsible for the treatment of suicidal women. In 1937, he began a private practice, but the National Socialist German Workers' Party annexation of Austria in 1938 limited his opportunity to treat patients. In 1940, he joined Rothschild Hospital, the only hospital in Vienna still admitting Jews, as head of the neurology department. Prior to his deportation to the concentration camps, he helped numerous patients avoid the National Socialist German Workers' Party euthanasia program that targeted the mentally disabled.

In 1942, just nine months after his marriage, Frankl and his family were sent to the Theresienstadt concentration camp. His father died there of starvation and pneumonia. In 1944, Frankl and the surviving members of his family were transported to Auschwitz, where his mother and brother were murdered in the gas chambers. His wife Tilly died later of typhus in Bergen-Belsen. Frankl spent three years in four concentration camps.

Following the war, he became head of the neurology department of the General Polyclinic Vienna hospital, and established a private practice in his home. He worked with patients until his retirement in 1970.

In 1948, Frankl earned a PhD in philosophy from the University of Vienna. His dissertation, The Unconscious God, examines the relationship between psychology and religion, and advocates for the use of the Socratic dialogue (self-discovery discourse) for clients to get in touch with their spiritual unconscious.

Grave of Viktor Frankl in Vienna

In 1955, Frankl was awarded a professorship of neurology and psychiatry at the University of Vienna, and, as visiting professor, lectured at Harvard University (1961), Southern Methodist University, Dallas (1966), and Duquesne University, Pittsburgh (1972).

Throughout his career, Frankl argued that the reductionist tendencies of early psychotherapeutic approaches dehumanised the patient, and advocated for a rehumanisation of psychotherapy.

The American Psychiatric *ociation awarded Frankl the 1985 Oskar Pfister Award for his contributions to religion and psychiatry.

Man's Search for Meaning

While head of the Neurological Department at the general Polyclinic Hospital, Frankl wrote Man's Search for Meaning over a nine-day period. The book, originally *led A Psychologist Experiences the Concentration Camp, was released in German in 1946. The English translation of Man's Search for Meaning was published in 1959, and became an international bestseller. Frankl saw this success as a symptom of the "m* neurosis of modern times" since the *le promised to deal with the question of life's meaningfulness. Millions of copies were sold in dozens of languages. In a 1991 survey conducted for the Library of Congress and the Book of the Month Club, Man's Search for Meaning was named one of the ten most influential books in the US.

Logotherapy and existential *ysis

Frankl developed logotherapy and existential *ysis, which are based on philosophical and psychological concepts, particularly the desire to find a meaning in life and free will. Frankl identified three main ways of realizing meaning in life: by making a difference in the world, by having particular experiences, or by adopting particular at*udes.

The primary techniques offered by logotherapy and existential *ysis are:

• Paradoxical intention: clients learn to overcome obsessions or anxieties by self-distancing and humorous exaggeration.
• Dereflection: drawing the client's attention away from their symptoms, as hyper-reflection can lead to inaction.
• Socratic dialogue and at*ude modification: asking questions designed to help a client find and pursue self-defined meaning in life.

His acknowledgement of meaning as a central motivational force and factor in mental health is his lasting contribution to the field of psychology. It provided the foundational principles for the emerging field of positive psychology. Frankl's work has also been endorsed in the Chabad philosophy of Hasidic Judaism.

Controversy

"Auschwitz survivor" testimony

In The Missing Pieces of the Puzzle: A Reflection on the Odd Career of Viktor Frankl, Professor of history Timothy Pytell of California State University, San Bernardino, conveys the numerous discrepancies and omissions in Frankl's "Auschwitz survivor" account and later autobiography, which many of his contemporaries, such as Thomas Szasz, similarly have raised. In Frankl's Man's Search for Meaning, the book devotes approximately half of its contents to describing Auschwitz and the psychology of its prisoners, suggesting a long stay at the death camp, however his wording is contradictory and according to Pytell, "profoundly deceptive", when rather the impression of staying for months, Frankl was held close to the train, in the "depot prisoner" area of Auschwitz and for no more than a few days, he was neither registered there, nor *igned a number before being sent on to a subsidiary work camp of Dachau, known as Kaufering III, that together with Terezín, is the true setting of much of what is described in his book.

Origins and implications of logotherapy

Frankl's doctrine was that one must instill meaning in the events in one's life, and that work and suffering can lead to finding meaning, with this ultimately what would lead to fulfillment and happiness. In 1982 the scholar and Holocaust *yst Lawrence L. Langer, critical of what he called Frankl's distortions of the true experience of those at Auschwitz, and of Frankl's amoral focus on "meaning", that in Langer's *essment could just as equally be applied to National Socialist German Workers' Partys "finding meaning in making the world free from Jews", went on to write that "if this doctrine had been more succinctly worded, the National Socialist German Workers' Partys might have subs*uted it for the cruel mockery of Arbeit Macht Frei" . In Pytell's view, Langer also penetrated through Frankl's disturbing subtext that Holocaust "survival a matter of mental health." Langer criticized Frankl's tone as self-congratulatory and promotional throughout, so that "it comes as no surprise to the reader, as he closes the volume, that the real hero of Man's Search for Meaning is not man, but Viktor Frankl" by the continuation of the same fantasy of world-view meaning-making, which is precisely what had perturbed civilization into the holocaust-genocide of this era and others.

Pytell later would remark on the particularly sharp insight of Langer's reading of Frankl's Holocaust testimony, stating that with Langer's criticism published in 1982 before Pytell's biography, the former had thus drawn the controversial parallels, or accommodations in ideology without the knowledge that Victor Frankl was an advocate/"embraced" the key ideas of the National Socialist German Workers' Party psychotherapy movement ("will and responsibility") as a form of therapy in the late 1930s. When at that time Frankl would submit a paper and contributed to the Göring ins*ute in Vienna 1937 and again in early 1938 connecting the logotherapy focus on "world-view" to the "work of some of the leading National Socialist German Workers' Party psychotherapists", both at a time before Austria was annexed by National Socialist German Workers' Party Germany in 1938. Frankl's founding logotherapy paper, was submitted to and published in the Zentrallblatt fuer Psychotherapie the journal of the Goering Ins*ute, a psychotherapy movement, with the "proclaimed agenda of building psychotherapy that affirmed a National Socialist German Workers' Party-oriented worldview".

The origins of logotherapy, as described by Frankl, were therefore a major issue of continuity that Pytell argues were potentially problematic for Frankl because he had laid out the main elements of logotherapy while working for/contributing to the National Socialist German Workers' Party-affiliated Göring Ins*ute. Principally Frankl's 1937 paper, that was published by the ins*ute. This *ociation, as a source of controversy, that logotherapy was palatable to National Socialist German Workers' Partysm is the reason Pytell suggests, Frankl took two different stances on how the concentration-camp experience affected the course of his psychotherapy theory. Namely, that within the original English edition of Frankl's most well known book, Man's Search for Meaning, the suggestion is made and still largely held that logotherapy was itself derived from his camp experience, with the claim as it appears in the original edition, that this form of psychotherapy was "not concocted in the philosopher's armchair nor at the *yst's couch; it took shape in the hard school of air-raid shelters and bomb craters; in concentration camps and prisoner of war camps." Frankl's statements however to this effect would be deleted from later editions, though in the 1963 edition, a similar statement again appeared on the back of the book jacket of Man's Search for Meaning.

Frankl over the years would with these widely read statements and others, switch between the idea that logotherapy took shape in the camps to the claim that the camps merely were a testing ground of his already preconceived theories. An uncovering of the matter would occur in 1977 with Frankl revealing on this controversy, though compounding another, stating "People think I came out of Auschwitz with a brand-new psychotherapy. This is not the case."

Jewish relations and experiments on the resistance

In the post war years, Frankl's at*ude towards not pursuing justice nor *igning collective guilt to the Austrian people for collaborating with or acquiescing in the face of National Socialist German Workers' Partysm, led to "frayed" relationships between Frankl, many Viennese and the larger American Jewish community, such that in 1978 when attempting to give a lecture at the ins*ute of Adult Jewish Studies in New York, Frankl was confronted with an outburst of boos from the audience and was called a "National Socialist German Workers' Party pig". Frankl supported forgiveness and held that many in Germany and Austria were powerless to do anything about the atrocities which occurred and could not be collectively blamed.

In 1988 Frankl would further "stir up sentiment against him" by being photographed next to and in accepting the Great Silver Medal with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria as a Holocaust survivor, from President Waldheim, a controversial president of Austria who concurrent with the medal ceremony, was gripped by revelations that he had lied about his WWII military record and was under investigation for complicity in National Socialist German Workers' Party War crimes. It was later concluded that he was not involved in war crimes but had knowledge of them. Frankl's acceptance of the medal was viewed by many in the international Jewish community as a betrayal.

In his "Gutachten" Gestapo profile, Frankl is described as "politically perfect" by the National Socialist German Workers' Party secret police, with Frankl's membership in the Austro-fascist "Fatherland Front" in 1934, similarly stated in isolation. It has been suggested that as a state employee in a hospital he was likely automatically signed up to the party regardless of whether he wanted to or not. Frankl was interviewed twice by the secret police during the war, yet nothing of the expected contents, the subject of discussion or any further information on these interviews, is contained in Frankl's file, suggesting to biographers that Frankl's file was "cleansed" sometime after the war.

None of Frankl's obituaries mention the unqualified and unskilled brain lobotomy and trepanation medical experiments approved by the National Socialist German Workers' Partys that Frankl performed on Jews who had committed suicide with an overdose of sedatives, in resistance to their impending arrest, imprisonment and enforced labour in the concentration camp system. The goal of these experiments were to try and revive those who had killed themselves, Frankl justified this by saying that he was trying to find ways to save the lives of Jews. Operating without any training as a surgeon, Frankl would voluntarily request of the National Socialist German Workers' Partys to perform the experiments on those who had killed themselves, and once approved – published some of the details on his experiments, the methods of insertion of his chosen amphetamine drugs into the brains of these individuals, resulting in, at times, an alleged partial resuscitation, mainly in 1942 (prior to his own internment at Theresienstadt ghetto in September, later in that year). Historian Günter Bischof of Harvard University, suggests Frankl's approaching and requesting to perform lobotomy experiments could be seen as a way to "ingratiate" himself amongst the National Socialist German Workers' Partys, as the latter were not, at that time, appreciative of the international scrutiny that these suicides were beginning to create, nor "suicide" being listed on arrest records.

Response to Timothy Pytell

Timothy Pytell's critique towards Viktor Frankl was used by Holocaust denier Theodore O'Keefe, according to Alexander Batthyány. Alexander Batthyány was a researcher and member of staff of the Viktor Frankl Archive in Vienna. Throughout the first chapter of his book "Viktor Frankl and the Shoah", he reflects on Timothy Pytell's work about Viktor Frankl, and the flaws in it. Batthyány points out that Pytell never visited the archive to consult primary sources from the person about whom he was writing. Batthyány also critiques Pytell for not interviewing Viktor Frankl while Frankl was still alive. Pytell even explains in his book on Frankl that he had the opportunity to meet him – as a friend offered it, yet he decided that he could not meet Frankl.

Decorations and awards

• 1956: Promotion Award for Public Education of the Ministry of Education, Austria
• 1962: Cardinal Innitzer Prize, Austria
• 1969: Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st cl*
• 1976: Prize of the Danubia Foundation
• 1980: Honorary Ring of Vienna, Austria
• 1981: Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
• 1985: Oskar Pfister Award, US
• 1986: Honorary doctorate from the University of Vienna, Austria
• 1986: Honorary member of the *ociation Bürgervereinigung Landsberg im 20. Jahrhundert
• 1988: Great Silver Medal with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria
• 1995: Hans Prinzhorn Medal
• 1995: Honorary Citizen of the City of Vienna
• 1995: Great Gold Medal with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria

Personal life

In 1941, Frankl married Tilly Grosser, who was a station nurse at Rothschild Hospital. Soon after they were married she became pregnant, but they were forced to abort the child. Tilly died in the Bergen Belsen concentration camp.

Frankl's father, Gabriel, originally from Pohořelice, Moravia, died in the Theresienstadt Ghetto concentration camp on 13 February 1943, aged 81, from starvation and pneumonia. His mother and brother, Walter, were both killed in Auschwitz. His sister, Stella, escaped to Australia.

In 1947, Frankl married Eleonore "Elly" Katharina Schwindt. She was a practicing Catholic. The couple respected each other's religious backgrounds, both attending church and synagogue, and celebrating Christmas and Hanukkah. They had one daughter, Gabriele, who went on to become a child psychologist. Although it was not known for 50 years, his wife and son-in-law reported after his death that he prayed every day and had memorized the words of daily Jewish prayers and psalms.

Frankl died of heart failure in Vienna on 2 September 1997. He is buried in the Jewish section of the Vienna Central Cemetery.

Bibliography

His books in English are:

• Man's Search for Meaning. An Introduction to Logotherapy, Beacon Press, Boston, 2006. ISBN:978-0807014271 (English translation 1959. Originally published in 1946 as Ein Psychologe erlebt das Konzentrationslager, "A Psychologist Experiences the Concentration Camp")
• The Doctor and the Soul, (originally *led Ärztliche Seelsorge), Random House, 1955.
• On the Theory and Therapy of Mental Disorders. An Introduction to Logotherapy and Existential *ysis. Translated by James M. DuBois. Brunner-Routledge, London & New York, 2004. ISBN:0415950295
• Psychotherapy and Existentialism. Selected Papers on Logotherapy, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1967. ISBN:0671200569
• The Will to Meaning. Foundations and Applications of Logotherapy, New American Library, New York, 1988 ISBN:0452010349
• The Unheard Cry for Meaning. Psychotherapy and Humanism Simon & Schuster, New York, 2011 ISBN:978-1451664386
• Viktor Frankl Recollections: An Autobiography; Basic Books, Cambridge, MA 2000. ISBN:978-0738203553.
• Man's Search for Ultimate Meaning. (A revised and extended edition of The Unconscious God; with a foreword by Swanee Hunt). Perseus Book Publishing, New York, 1997; ISBN:0306456206. Paperback edition: Perseus Book Group; New York, 2000; ISBN:0738203548.
• Yes to Life: In Spite of Everything. Beacon Press, Boston, 2020. ISBN:978-0807005552.

See also

• List of logotherapy ins*utes, many named after Frankl
• Meaning-making

References

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to Viktor Frankl.

• Viktor Frankl Ins*ute Vienna
• Viktor Frankl Ins*ute of America
• Who Was Viktor Frankl? by Dr. Henry Abramson

Approaches

• Brief psychotherapy
• Counseling
• Online counseling
• Residential treatment
• Self-help
• Support groups

Research

• Clinical formulation
• Clinical pluralism
• Common factors theory
• Discontinuation
• History
• Prac*ioner–scholar model

TechniquesPeople

• Philippe Pinel
• Josef Breuer
• Sigmund Freud
• Pierre Janet
• Alfred Adler
• Sándor Ferenczi
• Carl Jung
• Ludwig Binswanger
• Melanie Klein
• Otto Rank
• Karen Horney
• Harry Stack Sullivan
• Fritz Perls
• Anna Freud
• Donald Winnicott
• Wilhelm Reich
• Milton H. Erickson
• Jacques Lacan
• Erik Erikson
• Carl Rogers
• Viktor Frankl
• George Kelly
• Rollo May
• Virginia Axline
• Carl Whitaker
• Albert Ellis
• Silvano Arieti
• James Bugental
• Joseph Wolpe
• Virginia Satir
• Aaron Beck
• Salvador Minuchin
• Paul Watzlawick
• Haim Ginott
• Ogden Lindsley
• Paul Watzlawick
• Arthur Janov
• Eugene Gendlin
• R. D. Laing
• Jean Baker Miller
• Otto F. Kernberg
• Nathan Azrin
• Irvin D. Yalom
• Arnold Lazarus
• Lorna Smith Benjamin
• Marsha M. Linehan
• Vittorio Guidano
• Les Greenberg
• William R. Miller
• Steven C. Hayes
• Michael White
• Jeffrey Young
• Peter Fonagy

*ociations

• *ociation for the Advancement of Psychotherapy
• *ociation for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
• *ociation for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies
• *ociation for Behavior *ysis International
• European *ociation for Psychotherapy
• Society for Psychotherapy Research
• World Council for Psychotherapy